.. SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0

V4L2 sub-devices
----------------

Many drivers need to communicate with sub-devices. These devices can do all
sort of tasks, but most commonly they handle audio and/or video muxing,
encoding or decoding. For webcams common sub-devices are sensors and camera
controllers.

Usually these are I2C devices, but not necessarily. In order to provide the
driver with a consistent interface to these sub-devices the
:c:type:`v4l2_subdev` struct (v4l2-subdev.h) was created.

Each sub-device driver must have a :c:type:`v4l2_subdev` struct. This struct
can be stand-alone for simple sub-devices or it might be embedded in a larger
struct if more state information needs to be stored. Usually there is a
low-level device struct (e.g. ``i2c_client``) that contains the device data as
setup by the kernel. It is recommended to store that pointer in the private
data of :c:type:`v4l2_subdev` using :c:func:`v4l2_set_subdevdata`. That makes
it easy to go from a :c:type:`v4l2_subdev` to the actual low-level bus-specific
device data.

You also need a way to go from the low-level struct to :c:type:`v4l2_subdev`.
For the common i2c_client struct the i2c_set_clientdata() call is used to store
a :c:type:`v4l2_subdev` pointer, for other buses you may have to use other
methods.

Bridges might also need to store per-subdev private data, such as a pointer to
bridge-specific per-subdev private data. The :c:type:`v4l2_subdev` structure
provides host private data for that purpose that can be accessed with
:c:func:`v4l2_get_subdev_hostdata` and :c:func:`v4l2_set_subdev_hostdata`.

From the bridge driver perspective, you load the sub-device module and somehow
obtain the :c:type:`v4l2_subdev` pointer. For i2c devices this is easy: you call
``i2c_get_clientdata()``. For other buses something similar needs to be done.
Helper functions exist for sub-devices on an I2C bus that do most of this
tricky work for you.

Each :c:type:`v4l2_subdev` contains function pointers that sub-device drivers
can implement (or leave ``NULL`` if it is not applicable). Since sub-devices can
do so many different things and you do not want to end up with a huge ops struct
of which only a handful of ops are commonly implemented, the function pointers
are sorted according to category and each category has its own ops struct.

The top-level ops struct contains pointers to the category ops structs, which
may be NULL if the subdev driver does not support anything from that category.

It looks like this:

.. code-block:: c

	struct v4l2_subdev_core_ops {
		int (*log_status)(struct v4l2_subdev *sd);
		int (*init)(struct v4l2_subdev *sd, u32 val);
		...
	};

	struct v4l2_subdev_tuner_ops {
		...
	};

	struct v4l2_subdev_audio_ops {
		...
	};

	struct v4l2_subdev_video_ops {
		...
	};

	struct v4l2_subdev_pad_ops {
		...
	};

	struct v4l2_subdev_ops {
		const struct v4l2_subdev_core_ops  *core;
		const struct v4l2_subdev_tuner_ops *tuner;
		const struct v4l2_subdev_audio_ops *audio;
		const struct v4l2_subdev_video_ops *video;
		const struct v4l2_subdev_pad_ops *video;
	};

The core ops are common to all subdevs, the other categories are implemented
depending on the sub-device. E.g. a video device is unlikely to support the
audio ops and vice versa.

This setup limits the number of function pointers while still making it easy
to add new ops and categories.

A sub-device driver initializes the :c:type:`v4l2_subdev` struct using:

	:c:func:`v4l2_subdev_init <v4l2_subdev_init>`
	(:c:type:`sd <v4l2_subdev>`, &\ :c:type:`ops <v4l2_subdev_ops>`).


Afterwards you need to initialize :c:type:`sd <v4l2_subdev>`->name with a
unique name and set the module owner. This is done for you if you use the
i2c helper functions.

If integration with the media framework is needed, you must initialize the
:c:type:`media_entity` struct embedded in the :c:type:`v4l2_subdev` struct
(entity field) by calling :c:func:`media_entity_pads_init`, if the entity has
pads:

.. code-block:: c

	struct media_pad *pads = &my_sd->pads;
	int err;

	err = media_entity_pads_init(&sd->entity, npads, pads);

The pads array must have been previously initialized. There is no need to
manually set the struct media_entity function and name fields, but the
revision field must be initialized if needed.

A reference to the entity will be automatically acquired/released when the
subdev device node (if any) is opened/closed.

Don't forget to cleanup the media entity before the sub-device is destroyed:

.. code-block:: c

	media_entity_cleanup(&sd->entity);

If a sub-device driver implements sink pads, the subdev driver may set the
link_validate field in :c:type:`v4l2_subdev_pad_ops` to provide its own link
validation function. For every link in the pipeline, the link_validate pad
operation of the sink end of the link is called. In both cases the driver is
still responsible for validating the correctness of the format configuration
between sub-devices and video nodes.

If link_validate op is not set, the default function
:c:func:`v4l2_subdev_link_validate_default` is used instead. This function
ensures that width, height and the media bus pixel code are equal on both source
and sink of the link. Subdev drivers are also free to use this function to
perform the checks mentioned above in addition to their own checks.

Subdev registration
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

There are currently two ways to register subdevices with the V4L2 core. The
first (traditional) possibility is to have subdevices registered by bridge
drivers. This can be done when the bridge driver has the complete information
about subdevices connected to it and knows exactly when to register them. This
is typically the case for internal subdevices, like video data processing units
within SoCs or complex PCI(e) boards, camera sensors in USB cameras or connected
to SoCs, which pass information about them to bridge drivers, usually in their
platform data.

There are however also situations where subdevices have to be registered
asynchronously to bridge devices. An example of such a configuration is a Device
Tree based system where information about subdevices is made available to the
system independently from the bridge devices, e.g. when subdevices are defined
in DT as I2C device nodes. The API used in this second case is described further
below.

Using one or the other registration method only affects the probing process, the
run-time bridge-subdevice interaction is in both cases the same.

In the **synchronous** case a device (bridge) driver needs to register the
:c:type:`v4l2_subdev` with the v4l2_device:

	:c:func:`v4l2_device_register_subdev <v4l2_device_register_subdev>`
	(:c:type:`v4l2_dev <v4l2_device>`, :c:type:`sd <v4l2_subdev>`).

This can fail if the subdev module disappeared before it could be registered.
After this function was called successfully the subdev->dev field points to
the :c:type:`v4l2_device`.

If the v4l2_device parent device has a non-NULL mdev field, the sub-device
entity will be automatically registered with the media device.

You can unregister a sub-device using:

	:c:func:`v4l2_device_unregister_subdev <v4l2_device_unregister_subdev>`
	(:c:type:`sd <v4l2_subdev>`).


Afterwards the subdev module can be unloaded and
:c:type:`sd <v4l2_subdev>`->dev == ``NULL``.

In the **asynchronous** case subdevice probing can be invoked independently of
the bridge driver availability. The subdevice driver then has to verify whether
all the requirements for a successful probing are satisfied. This can include a
check for a master clock availability. If any of the conditions aren't satisfied
the driver might decide to return ``-EPROBE_DEFER`` to request further reprobing
attempts. Once all conditions are met the subdevice shall be registered using
the :c:func:`v4l2_async_register_subdev` function. Unregistration is
performed using the :c:func:`v4l2_async_unregister_subdev` call. Subdevices
registered this way are stored in a global list of subdevices, ready to be
picked up by bridge drivers.

Bridge drivers in turn have to register a notifier object. This is
performed using the :c:func:`v4l2_async_nf_register` call. To
unregister the notifier the driver has to call
:c:func:`v4l2_async_nf_unregister`. The former of the two functions
takes two arguments: a pointer to struct :c:type:`v4l2_device` and a
pointer to struct :c:type:`v4l2_async_notifier`.

Before registering the notifier, bridge drivers must do two things: first, the
notifier must be initialized using the :c:func:`v4l2_async_nf_init`.
Second, bridge drivers can then begin to form a list of subdevice descriptors
that the bridge device needs for its operation. Several functions are available
to add subdevice descriptors to a notifier, depending on the type of device and
the needs of the driver.

:c:func:`v4l2_async_nf_add_fwnode_remote` and
:c:func:`v4l2_async_nf_add_i2c` are for bridge and ISP drivers for
registering their async sub-devices with the notifier.

:c:func:`v4l2_async_register_subdev_sensor` is a helper function for
sensor drivers registering their own async sub-device, but it also registers a
notifier and further registers async sub-devices for lens and flash devices
found in firmware. The notifier for the sub-device is unregistered with the
async sub-device.

These functions allocate an async sub-device descriptor which is of type struct
:c:type:`v4l2_async_subdev` embedded in a driver-specific struct. The &struct
:c:type:`v4l2_async_subdev` shall be the first member of this struct:

.. code-block:: c

	struct my_async_subdev {
		struct v4l2_async_subdev asd;
		...
	};

	struct my_async_subdev *my_asd;
	struct fwnode_handle *ep;

	...

	my_asd = v4l2_async_nf_add_fwnode_remote(&notifier, ep,
						 struct my_async_subdev);
	fwnode_handle_put(ep);

	if (IS_ERR(asd))
		return PTR_ERR(asd);

The V4L2 core will then use these descriptors to match asynchronously
registered subdevices to them. If a match is detected the ``.bound()``
notifier callback is called. After all subdevices have been located the
.complete() callback is called. When a subdevice is removed from the
system the .unbind() method is called. All three callbacks are optional.

Drivers can store any type of custom data in their driver-specific
:c:type:`v4l2_async_subdev` wrapper. If any of that data requires special
handling when the structure is freed, drivers must implement the ``.destroy()``
notifier callback. The framework will call it right before freeing the
:c:type:`v4l2_async_subdev`.

Calling subdev operations
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

The advantage of using :c:type:`v4l2_subdev` is that it is a generic struct and
does not contain any knowledge about the underlying hardware. So a driver might
contain several subdevs that use an I2C bus, but also a subdev that is
controlled through GPIO pins. This distinction is only relevant when setting
up the device, but once the subdev is registered it is completely transparent.

Once the subdev has been registered you can call an ops function either
directly:

.. code-block:: c

	err = sd->ops->core->g_std(sd, &norm);

but it is better and easier to use this macro:

.. code-block:: c

	err = v4l2_subdev_call(sd, core, g_std, &norm);

The macro will do the right ``NULL`` pointer checks and returns ``-ENODEV``
if :c:type:`sd <v4l2_subdev>` is ``NULL``, ``-ENOIOCTLCMD`` if either
:c:type:`sd <v4l2_subdev>`->core or :c:type:`sd <v4l2_subdev>`->core->g_std is ``NULL``, or the actual result of the
:c:type:`sd <v4l2_subdev>`->ops->core->g_std ops.

It is also possible to call all or a subset of the sub-devices:

.. code-block:: c

	v4l2_device_call_all(v4l2_dev, 0, core, g_std, &norm);

Any subdev that does not support this ops is skipped and error results are
ignored. If you want to check for errors use this:

.. code-block:: c

	err = v4l2_device_call_until_err(v4l2_dev, 0, core, g_std, &norm);

Any error except ``-ENOIOCTLCMD`` will exit the loop with that error. If no
errors (except ``-ENOIOCTLCMD``) occurred, then 0 is returned.

The second argument to both calls is a group ID. If 0, then all subdevs are
called. If non-zero, then only those whose group ID match that value will
be called. Before a bridge driver registers a subdev it can set
:c:type:`sd <v4l2_subdev>`->grp_id to whatever value it wants (it's 0 by
default). This value is owned by the bridge driver and the sub-device driver
will never modify or use it.

The group ID gives the bridge driver more control how callbacks are called.
For example, there may be multiple audio chips on a board, each capable of
changing the volume. But usually only one will actually be used when the
user want to change the volume. You can set the group ID for that subdev to
e.g. AUDIO_CONTROLLER and specify that as the group ID value when calling
``v4l2_device_call_all()``. That ensures that it will only go to the subdev
that needs it.

If the sub-device needs to notify its v4l2_device parent of an event, then
it can call ``v4l2_subdev_notify(sd, notification, arg)``. This macro checks
whether there is a ``notify()`` callback defined and returns ``-ENODEV`` if not.
Otherwise the result of the ``notify()`` call is returned.

V4L2 sub-device userspace API
-----------------------------

Bridge drivers traditionally expose one or multiple video nodes to userspace,
and control subdevices through the :c:type:`v4l2_subdev_ops` operations in
response to video node operations. This hides the complexity of the underlying
hardware from applications. For complex devices, finer-grained control of the
device than what the video nodes offer may be required. In those cases, bridge
drivers that implement :ref:`the media controller API <media_controller>` may
opt for making the subdevice operations directly accessible from userspace.

Device nodes named ``v4l-subdev``\ *X* can be created in ``/dev`` to access
sub-devices directly. If a sub-device supports direct userspace configuration
it must set the ``V4L2_SUBDEV_FL_HAS_DEVNODE`` flag before being registered.

After registering sub-devices, the :c:type:`v4l2_device` driver can create
device nodes for all registered sub-devices marked with
``V4L2_SUBDEV_FL_HAS_DEVNODE`` by calling
:c:func:`v4l2_device_register_subdev_nodes`. Those device nodes will be
automatically removed when sub-devices are unregistered.

The device node handles a subset of the V4L2 API.

``VIDIOC_QUERYCTRL``,
``VIDIOC_QUERYMENU``,
``VIDIOC_G_CTRL``,
``VIDIOC_S_CTRL``,
``VIDIOC_G_EXT_CTRLS``,
``VIDIOC_S_EXT_CTRLS`` and
``VIDIOC_TRY_EXT_CTRLS``:

	The controls ioctls are identical to the ones defined in V4L2. They
	behave identically, with the only exception that they deal only with
	controls implemented in the sub-device. Depending on the driver, those
	controls can be also be accessed through one (or several) V4L2 device
	nodes.

``VIDIOC_DQEVENT``,
``VIDIOC_SUBSCRIBE_EVENT`` and
``VIDIOC_UNSUBSCRIBE_EVENT``

	The events ioctls are identical to the ones defined in V4L2. They
	behave identically, with the only exception that they deal only with
	events generated by the sub-device. Depending on the driver, those
	events can also be reported by one (or several) V4L2 device nodes.

	Sub-device drivers that want to use events need to set the
	``V4L2_SUBDEV_FL_HAS_EVENTS`` :c:type:`v4l2_subdev`.flags before registering
	the sub-device. After registration events can be queued as usual on the
	:c:type:`v4l2_subdev`.devnode device node.

	To properly support events, the ``poll()`` file operation is also
	implemented.

Private ioctls

	All ioctls not in the above list are passed directly to the sub-device
	driver through the core::ioctl operation.

Read-only sub-device userspace API
----------------------------------

Bridge drivers that control their connected subdevices through direct calls to
the kernel API realized by :c:type:`v4l2_subdev_ops` structure do not usually
want userspace to be able to change the same parameters through the subdevice
device node and thus do not usually register any.

It is sometimes useful to report to userspace the current subdevice
configuration through a read-only API, that does not permit applications to
change to the device parameters but allows interfacing to the subdevice device
node to inspect them.

For instance, to implement cameras based on computational photography, userspace
needs to know the detailed camera sensor configuration (in terms of skipping,
binning, cropping and scaling) for each supported output resolution. To support
such use cases, bridge drivers may expose the subdevice operations to userspace
through a read-only API.

To create a read-only device node for all the subdevices registered with the
``V4L2_SUBDEV_FL_HAS_DEVNODE`` set, the :c:type:`v4l2_device` driver should call
:c:func:`v4l2_device_register_ro_subdev_nodes`.

Access to the following ioctls for userspace applications is restricted on
sub-device device nodes registered with
:c:func:`v4l2_device_register_ro_subdev_nodes`.

``VIDIOC_SUBDEV_S_FMT``,
``VIDIOC_SUBDEV_S_CROP``,
``VIDIOC_SUBDEV_S_SELECTION``:

	These ioctls are only allowed on a read-only subdevice device node
	for the :ref:`V4L2_SUBDEV_FORMAT_TRY <v4l2-subdev-format-whence>`
	formats and selection rectangles.

``VIDIOC_SUBDEV_S_FRAME_INTERVAL``,
``VIDIOC_SUBDEV_S_DV_TIMINGS``,
``VIDIOC_SUBDEV_S_STD``:

	These ioctls are not allowed on a read-only subdevice node.

In case the ioctl is not allowed, or the format to modify is set to
``V4L2_SUBDEV_FORMAT_ACTIVE``, the core returns a negative error code and
the errno variable is set to ``-EPERM``.

I2C sub-device drivers
----------------------

Since these drivers are so common, special helper functions are available to
ease the use of these drivers (``v4l2-common.h``).

The recommended method of adding :c:type:`v4l2_subdev` support to an I2C driver
is to embed the :c:type:`v4l2_subdev` struct into the state struct that is
created for each I2C device instance. Very simple devices have no state
struct and in that case you can just create a :c:type:`v4l2_subdev` directly.

A typical state struct would look like this (where 'chipname' is replaced by
the name of the chip):

.. code-block:: c

	struct chipname_state {
		struct v4l2_subdev sd;
		...  /* additional state fields */
	};

Initialize the :c:type:`v4l2_subdev` struct as follows:

.. code-block:: c

	v4l2_i2c_subdev_init(&state->sd, client, subdev_ops);

This function will fill in all the fields of :c:type:`v4l2_subdev` ensure that
the :c:type:`v4l2_subdev` and i2c_client both point to one another.

You should also add a helper inline function to go from a :c:type:`v4l2_subdev`
pointer to a chipname_state struct:

.. code-block:: c

	static inline struct chipname_state *to_state(struct v4l2_subdev *sd)
	{
		return container_of(sd, struct chipname_state, sd);
	}

Use this to go from the :c:type:`v4l2_subdev` struct to the ``i2c_client``
struct:

.. code-block:: c

	struct i2c_client *client = v4l2_get_subdevdata(sd);

And this to go from an ``i2c_client`` to a :c:type:`v4l2_subdev` struct:

.. code-block:: c

	struct v4l2_subdev *sd = i2c_get_clientdata(client);

Make sure to call
:c:func:`v4l2_device_unregister_subdev`\ (:c:type:`sd <v4l2_subdev>`)
when the ``remove()`` callback is called. This will unregister the sub-device
from the bridge driver. It is safe to call this even if the sub-device was
never registered.

You need to do this because when the bridge driver destroys the i2c adapter
the ``remove()`` callbacks are called of the i2c devices on that adapter.
After that the corresponding v4l2_subdev structures are invalid, so they
have to be unregistered first. Calling
:c:func:`v4l2_device_unregister_subdev`\ (:c:type:`sd <v4l2_subdev>`)
from the ``remove()`` callback ensures that this is always done correctly.


The bridge driver also has some helper functions it can use:

.. code-block:: c

	struct v4l2_subdev *sd = v4l2_i2c_new_subdev(v4l2_dev, adapter,
					"module_foo", "chipid", 0x36, NULL);

This loads the given module (can be ``NULL`` if no module needs to be loaded)
and calls :c:func:`i2c_new_client_device` with the given ``i2c_adapter`` and
chip/address arguments. If all goes well, then it registers the subdev with
the v4l2_device.

You can also use the last argument of :c:func:`v4l2_i2c_new_subdev` to pass
an array of possible I2C addresses that it should probe. These probe addresses
are only used if the previous argument is 0. A non-zero argument means that you
know the exact i2c address so in that case no probing will take place.

Both functions return ``NULL`` if something went wrong.

Note that the chipid you pass to :c:func:`v4l2_i2c_new_subdev` is usually
the same as the module name. It allows you to specify a chip variant, e.g.
"saa7114" or "saa7115". In general though the i2c driver autodetects this.
The use of chipid is something that needs to be looked at more closely at a
later date. It differs between i2c drivers and as such can be confusing.
To see which chip variants are supported you can look in the i2c driver code
for the i2c_device_id table. This lists all the possibilities.

There are one more helper function:

:c:func:`v4l2_i2c_new_subdev_board` uses an :c:type:`i2c_board_info` struct
which is passed to the i2c driver and replaces the irq, platform_data and addr
arguments.

If the subdev supports the s_config core ops, then that op is called with
the irq and platform_data arguments after the subdev was setup.

The :c:func:`v4l2_i2c_new_subdev` function will call
:c:func:`v4l2_i2c_new_subdev_board`, internally filling a
:c:type:`i2c_board_info` structure using the ``client_type`` and the
``addr`` to fill it.

Centrally managed subdev active state
-------------------------------------

Traditionally V4L2 subdev drivers maintained internal state for the active
device configuration. This is often implemented as e.g. an array of struct
v4l2_mbus_framefmt, one entry for each pad, and similarly for crop and compose
rectangles.

In addition to the active configuration, each subdev file handle has an array of
struct v4l2_subdev_pad_config, managed by the V4L2 core, which contains the try
configuration.

To simplify the subdev drivers the V4L2 subdev API now optionally supports a
centrally managed active configuration represented by
:c:type:`v4l2_subdev_state`. One instance of state, which contains the active
device configuration, is stored in the sub-device itself as part of
the :c:type:`v4l2_subdev` structure, while the core associates a try state to
each open file handle, to store the try configuration related to that file
handle.

Sub-device drivers can opt-in and use state to manage their active configuration
by initializing the subdevice state with a call to v4l2_subdev_init_finalize()
before registering the sub-device. They must also call v4l2_subdev_cleanup()
to release all the allocated resources before unregistering the sub-device.
The core automatically allocates and initializes a state for each open file
handle to store the try configurations and frees it when closing the file
handle.

V4L2 sub-device operations that use both the :ref:`ACTIVE and TRY formats
<v4l2-subdev-format-whence>` receive the correct state to operate on through
the 'state' parameter. The state must be locked and unlocked by the
caller by calling :c:func:`v4l2_subdev_lock_state()` and
:c:func:`v4l2_subdev_unlock_state()`. The caller can do so by calling the subdev
operation through the :c:func:`v4l2_subdev_call_state_active()` macro.

Operations that do not receive a state parameter implicitly operate on the
subdevice active state, which drivers can exclusively access by
calling :c:func:`v4l2_subdev_lock_and_get_active_state()`. The sub-device active
state must equally be released by calling :c:func:`v4l2_subdev_unlock_state()`.

Drivers must never manually access the state stored in the :c:type:`v4l2_subdev`
or in the file handle without going through the designated helpers.

While the V4L2 core passes the correct try or active state to the subdevice
operations, many existing device drivers pass a NULL state when calling
operations with :c:func:`v4l2_subdev_call()`. This legacy construct causes
issues with subdevice drivers that let the V4L2 core manage the active state,
as they expect to receive the appropriate state as a parameter. To help the
conversion of subdevice drivers to a managed active state without having to
convert all callers at the same time, an additional wrapper layer has been
added to v4l2_subdev_call(), which handles the NULL case by getting and locking
the callee's active state with :c:func:`v4l2_subdev_lock_and_get_active_state()`,
and unlocking the state after the call.

The whole subdev state is in reality split into three parts: the
v4l2_subdev_state, subdev controls and subdev driver's internal state. In the
future these parts should be combined into a single state. For the time being
we need a way to handle the locking for these parts. This can be accomplished
by sharing a lock. The v4l2_ctrl_handler already supports this via its 'lock'
pointer and the same model is used with states. The driver can do the following
before calling v4l2_subdev_init_finalize():

.. code-block:: c

	sd->ctrl_handler->lock = &priv->mutex;
	sd->state_lock = &priv->mutex;

This shares the driver's private mutex between the controls and the states.

Streams, multiplexed media pads and internal routing
----------------------------------------------------

A subdevice driver can implement support for multiplexed streams by setting
the V4L2_SUBDEV_FL_STREAMS subdev flag and implementing support for
centrally managed subdev active state, routing and stream based
configuration.

V4L2 sub-device functions and data structures
---------------------------------------------

.. kernel-doc:: include/media/v4l2-subdev.h
